Chapter 13, Questions 1-7

1. Why does Bakhtin assert that "the word is born in a dialogue"
Dialogue is where we use words, we respond to different messages using words. If a new word is "born" this would be where that happens.

2. How does he define "dialogic"? Define "dialogism".
Dialogic is the way a word forms a concept of its own. Dialogism is that when we are talking to people, we must anticipate what the other is saying and our response, and our communication takes into account the cultural beliefs and norms of that time.

3. How does he explain the way we understand linguistic utterance?
The way we understand utterances is through the background of language and other utterances that have the same theme.

4. Define "intertextuality". Give some examples of it from films, TV and music.
Intertextuality is present time texts are influenced from previous text, and it can be a conscious decision or unconscious one.
Film: "Rumor Has It" is influenced from "The Graduate"
Alfred Hitchcock has influenced the ways that suspense movies are
made and different camera movements and angles
TV: Comedy principles of early comedies ( I Love Lucy, MASH etc) influence
today's comedies on TV
Music: The parts of music (refrain, bridge etc) were influenced from the music
made hundreds of years ago.
Elements of the Hip Hop music influence many artists today

5. Can a work ever not be intertextual? Defend your answer.
No, a work is always intertextual. We are constantly influenced by what is around and what we learn. We are exposed to many different things, past and present. Unconsciously we are influenced by that.

6. Communication must take cultural norms into account. How does that affect media?
This affects the way the media puts out a message. They want to catch the attention of as many people as possible therefore they will go with what is current, not what was the norm ten years ago.

7. Is there a difference between conversation and dialogue? Explain your answer.
I think there is a difference in conversation and dialogue. When two people are having a dialogue, there is a story being told, someone is telling it and someone is listening to the message. A conversation is more casual, there may not be a story or a message involved, it may be a short passing of words.