Chapter 10, Questions 1-4

1. List and define Jakobson's six constitutive factors involved in verbal communication.
Addresser: The person that sends the message
Message: The content that is sent by the addresser
Addressee: Receiver of message
Context: The circumstances in which the message is given
Contact: Channel in which message is sent
Code: The language that is understood by the addresser and the addressee

2. Define and explain the difference between "emotive" and "referential" functions.
The emotive function is how the addresser is expressing the message, the expressions they use and the emotions attached. This means how the addresser is telling the message, the way it is told, the body language, facial expressions, anything that expresses the message further than just the words
The referential function is how the message is being referred, "denotative" or "cognitive". The addressee must take that into account when listening to the message that the addresser is saying.

3. Scholes says there is a difference between a message and a meaning. Explain.
There is a difference between the message and the meaning because the person receiving the message might interpret the meaning differently then what the addresser intended the message to be.

4. How do the different codes people have cause problems for the mass media?
What Scholes states, the difference between a message and a meaning, comes into play here. The codes of the receivers are probably different then the codes of the senders. The people that handle the media need to take this into account, and the receivers do not realize that they are receiving the message differently then what was intended. The advertisers must find a way to make their message easy to receive for people of many codes